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Explore in-depth theological articles, essays, and blog posts on various topics of faith and theology.

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Election Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2025

Election and Foreknowledge

Definition Foreknowledge, with reference to God, connotes foreordination. The doctrine of election affirms that God chose those whom he would save. Summary The question at issue here concerns the meaning of foreknowledge with respect to election, particularly in Romans 8:29 – specifically, whether “whom he foreknew he predestined” indicates that God chose whom he would […]

Election Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2025

Election

Download PDF Definition The doctrine of election states that God chose whom he would save, that God’s choice precedes any consideration of our faith. Summary Here the doctrine of election is first briefly explained in its theological context and then examined more specifically in connection with key biblical passages. Special attention is given to the […]

Eschatology Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2025

Degrees of Punishment in Hell

An Essay By Albert N. Martin, Fred Zaspel Definition Although the suffering will be severe and everlasting for all those in hell, the specific degrees of punishment and suffering will differ in accordance with the measure of sin in one’s life, the extent of one’s sinful influence on others, and the amount of gospel-light that […]

Hermeneutics & Biblical Theology Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

The Bible a Gospel Story

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. The Bible “tells a story, a story that begins at the beginning,” proceeding “confidently to tell us the whole story of history.” Overall, it is “a gospel story. It’s a story of […]
Book Reviews Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

Review of Schultz Tri Faith America

Full Review PDF The review explains that for most of its history “no one could have questioned that America was a Christian nation,” noting that even in 1942 President Franklin D. Roosevelt could assert that America was “a Protestant nation.” Kevin Schultz shows how this assumption gave way in the postwar years to the idea […]
Book Reviews Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

Review of Leeman Reverberation

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. In *Reverberation: How God’s Word Brings Light, Freedom, and Action to His People*, Jonathan Leeman addresses the question: “if we acknowledge that it is through His Word that God works, then how […]
Book Reviews Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

Review of Gaffin Perspectives on Pentecost

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. In this review, the book “Perspectives on Pentecost” by Richard B. Gaffin, Jr. is hailed as “a significant contribution to anyone’s study of the Holy Spirit and his gifts.” “Of foundational importance […]
Book Reviews Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

Review of Clark The Problem of Good

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. “The Problem of Good: When the World Seems Fine Without God” by D. Marion Clark (ed.) explores “the doctrine of common grace,” which is described as a “delightful doctrine, reminding us that […]

Biblical Law & New Covenant Theology Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

The continuing relevance of divine law

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. This paper aims to determine “the present relevance of the law of God,” arguing it “is presently (and in every age) binding upon the believer.” While God’s law “formed the basis of […]