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Category: Systematic Theology

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Christology Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2025

The Theology of Sacrifice

Definition The biblical idea of sacrifice concerns the way of approach to God, finding acceptance before him by means of an acceptable substitute offered in place of the sinner and bearing the curse of sin. Summary This essay surveys the idea of sacrifice through the Old Testament in order to determine its intended significance. Next, […]

Eschatology Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2025

Degrees of Punishment in Hell

An Essay By Albert N. Martin, Fred Zaspel Definition Although the suffering will be severe and everlasting for all those in hell, the specific degrees of punishment and suffering will differ in accordance with the measure of sin in one’s life, the extent of one’s sinful influence on others, and the amount of gospel-light that […]
Book Reviews Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2024

Review of Gaffin Perspectives on Pentecost

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. In this review, the book “Perspectives on Pentecost” by Richard B. Gaffin, Jr. is hailed as “a significant contribution to anyone’s study of the Holy Spirit and his gifts.” “Of foundational importance […]

Misc Fred Zaspel | August 19, 2019

Sin and Grace

This article first appeared on credomag.com Augustine once reminisced on an earlier act of theft he had committed. While walking home one day he sneaked into a neighbor’s yard and stole a pear. Now looking back on the event he began to wonder why he did it. Why would he steal his neighbor’s pear? It […]

Misc Fred Zaspel | August 5, 2019

Eternal Life, Now and Then

This article first appeared on credomag.com As important as the word “salvation” is in Scripture and dominant as it is in our own vocabulary in describing the benefits we enjoy in Christ, it is surprising to us when we discover how little our Lord used this word himself. We do not find it at all […]

Biblical Studies Fred Zaspel | July 24, 2019

I AM and the Burning Bush

This article first appeared on credomag.com You are familiar with the setting, of course. Having left Egypt forty years before, while tending the sheep of his father-in-law, Moses comes to Mount Horeb and sees “this strange sight” — a bush ablaze with fire though not consumed by that fire. A fire burning on its own, […]

Divine Attributes Fred Zaspel | July 18, 2019

The Future: How Does God Know It?

This article first appeared on credomag.com One aspect of God’s omniscience is his knowledge of the future. Open Theists have denied this, of course, but the question is not really a difficult one. Over and again in Scripture God is presented as knowing what will happen. Not just selectively but exhaustively God knows all that […]

Revelation, Inspiration, & Canon Fred Zaspel | June 14, 2019

A First Primer on Inerrancy

This article first appeared on credomag.com Definitions The doctrine of the inerrancy of Scripture asserts that the Bible is truthful and accurate, and therefore without error, in all that it affirms. Theological Reasoning The theological ground of inerrancy is established in the following steps: 1) Error arises from deceit and/or ignorance. 2) God is a […]

Divine Decrees Fred Zaspel | January 1, 2019

Predestination Lexham Survey of Theology

Download PDF Summary Note: This summary of the above article was produced using AI-assisted tools to aid reader orientation and may contain errors. “Reprobation is that aspect of predestination by which God determines to condemn the nonelect,” serving as the “necessary corollary to the doctrine of election.” The article distinguishes “preterition”—God’s “sovereign choice to leave […]